Ultimately you get a differential equation which you can solve with a bit of code I wrote for you.

Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Scott Gottlieb is stepping down after nearly two years leading the agency’s response to a host of public health challenges, including the opioid epidemic, rising drug prices and underage vaping.

Bill Norona knew something was up when he came in on the Monday after Thanksgiving. The 42-year-old had been working at General Motors†Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly for about four years. Heâ€d heard rumblings about the plant closing, but he dismissed them as rumors. It was the economic anchor in the city, and it produced the most technologically advanced car in GMâ€s lineupâ€�the hybrid Chevy Volt. The plant was a part of the identity of Hamtramck, Michigan, a two-square-mile city of about 22,000 people almost entirely surrounded by the city of Detroit. It was the last vestige of the townâ€s once-mighty manufacturing sector. It wasnâ€t going anywhere.

But that morning, representatives from GM management called the plantâ€s workers together in its central meeting area to deliver the news: The plant was to be idled after 34 years in production.

“This is being ripped from us,� Norona told me. “There were no plans; we were not told ahead of time.�

When Renee Dixon, a 38-year-old line worker at the plant, first heard the news, she didnâ€t believe it. “I brushed it off,â€� she said. “I assumed it was something sensationalized by the media.â€�

Plants in Oshawa, Ontario, and Lordstown, Ohio, would also be closed, affecting thousands of jobs, GM announced on November 26. At the beginning of February, the automaker said that it would also lay off 4,000 people from its white-collar workforce. Unlike past cuts triggered by economic downturns, however, this decision reflected a corporate strategy to shift production towards hotter-selling and higher-profit SUVs and trucks, spelling doom for plants like Detroit-Hamtramck that primarily made sedans.

It wasnâ€t long ago that this plant was being hailed as a Detroit comeback story. President Barack Obama visited in 2010 and took a Volt for a test drive, just two years after the federal governmentâ€s bailout of General Motors in 2008. But the hybrid model never caught on among consumers as gas prices fell and Americans lost their appetite for smaller cars. Volt production ended in mid-February. The plant was set to go dark in June 2019, but late last month GM announced that production of Chevy Impala and Cadillac CT6 models would extend until the end of the year, handing about 800 workers a seven-month reprieve.

Like Janesville and Lordstown, Hamtramckâ€s history and fortunes are lashed to the economic contributions of its auto plant. The Dodge brothers first started making cars here in 1910. Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly straddles the border between the enclave city of Hamtramck and Detroit, and the bruising battle behind the plantâ€s creation plays a major role in the formerâ€s history. With the car industry reeling and jobs bleeding from the city in the early 1980s, Detroit Mayor Coleman Young supported GMâ€s scheme to build a new state-of-the-art assembly plant in a majority-Polish immigrant community known as Poletown. The automaker used eminent domain to seize part of the 4.1 million square feet that the current plant sits on, razing 1,500 homes, 144 businesses, and 16 churches.

Since then, the cityâ€s demographics have changed, as have its fortunes. Fewer than 30 of the 1,500 GM employees at the plant live in Hamtramck itself, according to the local UAW chapter. Instead, like Norona and Dixon, the vast majority reside in other Detroit communities. Almost half of city residents are immigrants, and of this group 80 percent are from Asia, mostly from Bangladesh and Yemen. What economic growth the town can celebrate is owed to this influx. Todayâ€s Hamtramck is the kind of place where a Polish restaurant, a Middle Eastern kabob place, and a paneer pizza parlor share the same street. Michigan Governor Rick Snyder came to the city in 2015 to anoint its newly-created “BanglaTown.â€�

Hamtramckâ€s economic woes predate the plantâ€s impending closureâ€�its poverty rate has hit 51 percent, almost double what it was in 2000. But that doesnâ€t mean the city wonâ€t feel the impact of the shuttered factory. The Center for Automotive Research, an industry research group, estimated in a 2015 report that every person employed by the auto industry creates about 6.6 other jobs in the community and in the supply chainâ€�the so-called “multiplier effectâ€� of manufacturing.

Mohammed Monshin Uddin has lived in Hamtramck since he came to the U.S. from Bangladesh in 2006. He owns and manages Aladdin Sweets and Cafe, a Bangladeshi restaurant in Hamtramck thatâ€s a popular spot for GM workers. (At $8 a person for the lunchtime buffet, itâ€s a good deal.) Heâ€s expecting to lose about 35 percent of its customers when the plant closes. In fact, he can already see the effects of the announcement. “[The workers are] counting money they have to spend. They donâ€t want to spend more living or buying food. So theyâ€ll stay home.â€�

The same phenomenon is expected to blow a hole in Hamtramckâ€s $17 million annual budget. The office of Mayor Karen Majewski estimates that every year, the city takes in about $800,000 in revenue from the plant through a mixture of income tax, property tax, and a proportion of the plantâ€s revenue shared between Hamtramck and its surrounding city of Detroit. To make up for the lost GM revenue, cuts will have to come from the cityâ€s general fund, which appropriates money to basic city services like fire and police response. “Nothing is off the table,â€� Majewski said.

But thereâ€s not much left to cut. The city only recently came out from under the stewardship of an emergency manager, who, among other things, had outsourced EMT service in an attempt to ease a budget deficit. “Most departments are already operating at minimal personnel,â€� said Majewski. “We have one full-time city clerk with a part-time helper. Where do you cut in a department like that?â€�

GMâ€s departure also raises questions about what will happen to the massive plant itself, which separates the city from I-94 and dominates its southern side. Some residents have proposed razing the factory and converting the site into green space. Others hope a new manufacturer can move in, as Tesla did to a GM plant in Fremont, California. Still others hold out hope that GM might decide to produce another vehicle at the plant and keep it open after 2019. (General Motors did not respond to requests for comment for this story.)

But the odds of that may be long: The carcasses of many other car plants are scattered throughout the Motor City. Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly is one of only two remaining assembly plants within the city limits. Just across I-94, the long-abandoned former Packard Plant�3.5 million square feet of photogenic mid-century ruins�looms as a cautionary example of what can befall a once-mighty manufacturing facility. The last car rolled off its assembly line in 1956. Plans by a Spanish developer to renovate the vast property into a mixed-use “mini-city� are proceeding very slowly.

Still, Detroitâ€s manufacturing story isnâ€t over: Fiat Chrysler recently announced that it would convert an existing engine manufacturing plant on the east side of Detroit to build new Jeeps.

For some Hamtramck workers, the job goes on. Norona is one of the lucky ones. Because he had accrued enough seniority at GM, he was able to put in a transfer for the plant in Flint. That will turn his 18-mile commute from Wyandotte, another Detroit suburb, into an 80-mile trek. But at least heâ€ll still have a job.

Renee Dixon doesnâ€t yet know what sheâ€ll do. Sheâ€s a single mom, so commuting to Flint isnâ€t an option. Making things worse, she canâ€t look for other work yet, since GM hasnâ€t given her an end date for her job. “Right now, itâ€s all preparing,â€� she said. “I have to make sure I put a little extra money aside every week, but I donâ€t know if Iâ€m going to be able to find anything when Iâ€m unemployed.â€�

Thatâ€s more or less the same position the town is in as it waits to see whatâ€s next. The mayor suggests that losing GM also threatens to exert a more intangible cost. “We can talk about the financial effects, but I think that thereâ€s also cultural and psychological effects,â€� Majewski said. “This is the last vestige of auto production on Hamtramck soil, and weâ€re a city that was built on the auto industry. This really does signal the end of an era.â€�

Researchers are finding new ways to help the voice service improve its performance

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Some unexpected alternatives could avoid depleting the wild fish that farmed seafood eats

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Criminologists thought it was impossible to get DNA off of shell casings, but a technique pioneered in The Netherlands is having notable results.

(Marine Biological Laboratory) Scientists at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) have identified gene ‘partners’ in the axolotl salamander that, when activated, allow the neural tube and associated nerve fibers to functionally regenerate after severe spinal cord damage. Interestingly, these genes are also present in humans, though they are activated in a different manner. Their results are published this week in Nature Communications Biology.

(Arizona State University) Without an intact hippocampus, forming new memories is impossible. Researchers from Arizona State University and Stanford University found an equally important role for the hippocampus: feeding information to brain areas responsible for learning. Using fMRI, the research team found it was the hippocampus that encoded associations between relevant features of the environment during learning and that the associations encoded in the hippocampus were used by brain systems responsible for learning.

(New York University) NYU Abu Dhabi researchers have found that the availability of both visual and haptic information for a target object significantly improves reach-to-grasp actions, demonstrating that the nervous system utilizes both types of information to optimize movement execution. The findings are featured in the journal Scientific Reports.

(FAIR Health) This briefing paper seeks to bring needed clarity to the feverish, ongoing surprise billing debate underway on the state and federal level. In this brief, we tease apart the threads to the surprise billing debate with the intent of increasing clarity about the implications of various legislative choices. To that end, we include data visualizations that use our independent data as a lens to illuminate those choices.

(Forschungsverbund Berlin) Given the importance and wide distribution of Influenza A viruses, it is surprising how little is known about infections of wild mammals. A new study led by Alex D. Greenwood and Gábor �. Czirják of the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Leibniz-IZW) in Berlin sheds light on which species are commonly infected and why.

(Wiley) In a Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology study, poor cognitive function in older adults was associated with poorer oral health and higher risk of tooth loss in later life.

(Wiley) Knee pain was not associated with daily walking levels in an Arthritis Care & Research study of individuals with mild to moderate symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.

(University of Montreal) Montreal research team unravels an adaptive mechanism involved in controlling insulin action, showing that glucagon plays a crucial part in it and can thus be a protective asset.

(Wiley) Individuals who take cholesterol-lowering statins may be at higher risk for developing high blood sugar levels, insulin resistance, and eventually type 2 diabetes, according to an analysis published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

(Wiley) A new study published in Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews points to the benefits of exercise, especially resistance training (RT), for preventing type 2 diabetes.

The same genetic defect used to cure two men of HIV was the target of unethical edits made by He Jiankui to produce the Crispr babies. New research on CCR5 suggests eliminating it in adults could be part of an ethical, practical cure.

More than 200 high school students will be tested for tuberculosis after one teenager was found to have the bacterial disease, according to school officials in Georgia.

Pet owners (particularly cat parents) should be mindful when using essential oil diffusers, especially if the device is a so-called “active diffuser,� a veterinarian in Ohio recently warned.

After analyzing tens of thousands of data samples, researchers have created a list of genes that ranks them based on how frequently they are implicated in specific diseases. The list may prove invaluable for future research and drug discovery.